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The Economics of Free

Loss Leaders and Bundles

Shops sell some products at or below cost to attract customers who then buy other, profitable goods.

Free or cheap to lure you.

Loss leader

A supermarket sells milk cheaply to bring shoppers in.

Razor and blades

Sell the device cheaply and earn on refills or cartridges.

Bundling

Adding a free item to a purchase makes the whole deal seem attractive.

Consumer tip

Look at total spending, not only the discounted item.

A printer

A printer is sold cheaply, but the ink cartridges are expensive.

Judging a deal by the free item alone

Check the full cost.

Key takeaways
  • Loss leaders attract customers.
  • Razor-and-blade models earn on refills.
  • Bundles add perceived value.
  • Check total spending.
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