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Retirement & Long-Term Planning

Asset Allocation Across a Lifetime

Why a good investment mix at 25 looks very different from a good investment mix at 65, and the logic behind that shift.

Asset allocation - how a portfolio is divided among different investment types like stocks and bonds, covered in the investing module - isn’t a single, fixed decision. It’s meant to shift deliberately over the course of a career and into retirement.

Risk capacity changes with time horizon

Risk capacity is how much investment risk someone can reasonably afford to take, distinct from risk tolerance covered in the insurance module’s discussion of personal risk comfort - capacity is about financial circumstances, not just personal feeling. A young worker has decades before retirement, giving their portfolio time to recover from a market downturn, which generally supports a higher risk capacity than someone retiring within the next few years.

The glide path: shifting allocation automatically over time

A glide path is the gradual, planned shift in asset allocation from more aggressive - generally more stock-heavy - toward more conservative, generally more bond-heavy, as retirement approaches. A target-date fund is an investment product that automatically implements a glide path on an investor’s behalf, adjusting its own mix over time based on a stated target retirement year.

Why the shift happens gradually, not all at once

A target-date fund aimed at a 2060 retirement might hold a large majority in stocks today, gradually increasing its bond allocation over the following decades, and holding a much more conservative mix by the time 2060 actually arrives. The gradual pace matters: shifting too early sacrifices growth over a long remaining time horizon, while shifting too late leaves a portfolio more exposed to a downturn right before the money is needed.

Why this shift matters more in retirement than during a career

A market downturn early in a career has decades to recover before the money is needed. The same downturn occurring right before or during retirement, combined with regular withdrawals, can meaningfully damage a portfolio’s ability to last - the sequencing risk introduced in the pensions lesson earlier in this module, now applied directly to the withdrawal phase.

Keeping the same aggressive allocation all the way into retirement

An allocation that made sense at 30 - heavily weighted toward growth-oriented stocks - carries meaningfully more risk if held unchanged at 65, right when a downturn would have the least time to recover before withdrawals begin. Deliberately adjusting allocation over time, whether manually or through a target-date fund, is a core part of managing this risk well.

Why this connects to the rest of this module

Once retirement actually begins, certain accounts come with specific rules about how and when money must be withdrawn - the exact subject of the next lesson.

Key takeaways
  • Risk capacity - how much risk you can afford to take - generally declines as retirement approaches.
  • A glide path gradually shifts a portfolio from growth-focused to more conservative over time.
  • A target-date fund automates this shift based on a stated target retirement year.
  • A downturn right before or during retirement is riskier than the same downturn early in a career.
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