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Retirement & Long-Term Planning

Sequence of Returns Risk

Why the order in which investment returns happen - not just their average - can make or break a retirement, especially in the first few years.

Sequence of returns risk is the danger that the specific order investment returns happen in - not just their long-run average - can significantly affect how long retirement savings actually last, particularly when withdrawals are being made at the same time.

Why order matters even when the average is identical

Two retirees can experience the exact same average annual return over 20 years, in a different order, and end up in very different financial positions. A retiree who experiences a market downturn in the first few years of retirement, while simultaneously withdrawing money to live on, sells more shares at depressed prices to generate the same income - permanently reducing the shares left to benefit from the eventual recovery.

Same average return, opposite outcomes

Retiree A experiences strong returns in years one through five of retirement, then weaker returns later. Retiree B experiences the identical returns in exactly reverse order - weak first, strong later. Even though both retirees saw the exact same average return over the full period, Retiree A - who avoided withdrawing during a downturn early on - typically ends up with meaningfully more money left than Retiree B, purely because of when the good and bad years happened.

Why this is especially dangerous early in retirement

The risk is concentrated specifically in the first several years of retirement, since that’s when the account balance is at its largest and withdrawals are proportionally doing the most damage if combined with a downturn. Once savings have survived that early window intact, later downturns generally have less power to derail the whole plan.

Using a fixed withdrawal amount regardless of market conditions

Withdrawing the same fixed dollar amount every year, regardless of whether the market is up or down, maximizes exposure to sequence of returns risk. Adjusting the **withdrawal rate** somewhat during a **market downturn** - drawing a bit less during bad years, if the budget allows - can meaningfully reduce the damage a poorly timed downturn does to a retirement plan.

Key takeaways
  • Sequence of returns risk is about the order returns happen in, not just their long-run average.
  • A downturn early in retirement, combined with withdrawals, does disproportionate damage to a portfolio.
  • Two retirees with identical average returns can end up in very different positions based on timing alone.
  • Flexible withdrawal amounts during downturns can help reduce this risk compared to a fixed withdrawal.
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